|
The
Back Door of Europe
(Substantific Marrow can be bought at
http://stores.lulu.com/emersonj.)
The Turkish Kayak
The Lost
King of England
The Last Pagans
The Crimean Goths
The Last Viking
The Torgut Exodus
The Coming of the Age of Iron
Silk and Memes
History of the Caucasian Albanians
700-Year-Old Syriac Jokes
The Secret History of the Mongols and
Western Literature.
Additional Bibliography
(not considered in printed
book)
Davies, Norman,
Europe: a History
Oxford, 1996.
Davies deliberately writes
European history from a somewhat Polish,
non-French-English-German perspective.
Hodges, Richard and Whitehouse,
David
Mohammed, Charlemagne, and the Origins of Europe
Cornell, 1983
Archaeological detail which
Partially confirms and partially disconfirms the Pirenne thesis. The
isolation of NW Europe was under way well before the Muslim
conquests, which were more the result than the cause of the
weakening of Byzantium and the West. Via the Vikings / Varangians,
the Carolingians traded luxury goods with the Abbasids in Baghdad,
and this trade was critical to the Carolingian Renaissance. Trade
through the Mediterranean was made difficult partly by
Christian-Muslim hostility, but more by the Byzantine Empire's
difficult relationship with both the Carolingians and the Abbasids.
The Carolingians were thus part of a Northern oecumene which
included both the Christian Anglo-Saxons and the pagan Norse, and
which also had an eastward outlook both via the Baltic, and overland
to Bohemia, Moravia, and what would later become Hungary.
The Turkish Kayak
The kayak in Turkish,
Swedish, etc.:
Sinor, Denis, “On
Water-transport in Central Asia”, in Inner Asia and its Contacts
with Medieval Europe, IV, Variorum, 1977. (pp. 163-168)
PDF:
http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Congress1960/sinor.pdf
"The
Kayak in North-Western Europe", David MacRitchie, The Journal of
the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,
Vol. 42, Jul. - Dec., 1912 (Jul. - Dec., 1912), pp. 493-510.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0307-3114(191207%2F12)42%3C493%3ATKINE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L
"A
Comparison between Eskimo-Aleut and Uralo-Altaic Demonstrative
Elements, Numerals, and Other Related Semantic Problems" by Rene
Bonnerjea, International Journal of American Linguistics,
Vol. 44, No. 1 (Jan., 1978), pp. 40-55.
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-7071(197801)44%3A1%3C40%3AACBEAU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S
Thanks
also to Ruth at GNXP comments, who pointed out that "kayak" in
Turkish can also mean "ski" and is an inflected word from kay-
"glide", and asked whether Inuit/Eskimo kayak / qayaq is also
an inflected word, or instead a borrowing from Turkish.
“Kayak” in English by 1757:
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=kayak (though the
old-edition OED seems to say ~1660.)
Henry Yule speculates about
the "kayak" vs. the "caique", claiming that the Mediterranean caique
is similiar to the Eskimo kayak: Hobson-Jobson, Wordsworth
Reference reissue, 1996, p. 143 -- originally published in 1886.
The Thule culture and the kayak:
“The Thule Tradition in
Alaska (c.700 BC-AD 1800). Includes all prehistoric Eskimo remains
in Bering Strait after c. 700 BC, from northern Alaska coast after
c. AD 800, from southern coasts after c. AD 1000, and from Canada
and Greenland after c. AD
1000. …. Some appear in the
archaeological [record?] for the first time (kayaks, umiaks, dog
sleds, efficient toggling harpoons, harpoon line floats, harpoon
mounted ice picks).
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/2596/dorset.html
The Yakut:
http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7883
Ivory:
The Amber Road
connected the Baltic and the Black Seas long before the birth of
Christ.
Laufer, Berthold, “Arabic
and Chinese Trade in Walrus and Narwhale Ivory, T’oung Pao, 2nd
series, #14, 1913, pp. 315—370.
David Christian, A
History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, Vol. I,
Blackwell, 1998 (Ivory in Khwarizm in 985 AD: p. 320. Timerevo: map
on p. 337.)
David Nicolle (Medieval
Warfare Source Book, Vol. 2, Arms and Armour, 1996, p. 122)
reports that the Uzboy water route between the Caspian and the Aral
was open as late as the sixteenth century, and also reports that a
boat called a “caique” is still in use on the Eastern Mediterranean
and the Black Sea.
Ibn Fadlan: "La relation de
la voyage d'Ibn Fadlan chez les Bulgares de la Volga", tr. Marius
Canard, # XI in Miscellanea Orientalia, Variorum, 1973.
The Last Pagans
At the end of the 15th century, the
Jagiellons reigned over vast territories
stretching from the Baltic to the Black to the Adriatik Sea
(from Wikipedia)
Europe's
Steppe Frontier, 1500-1800, William McNeill, Chicago,
1964.
Lithuania
Ascending, C.S. Rowell, Cambridge, 1994.
The
Teutonic Knights, William Urban, Greenhill / Stackpole 2003.
Atlas of
Russian History, Martin Gilbert, Oxford, 1993.
The Balts,
Marija Gimbutas, Thames and Hudson, 1963.
The Barbarian Conversion,
Richard Fletcher, Holt,
1998.
Borderlands of Western Civilization, Oscar Halecki, Ronald
Press, 1952.
A History
of Poland, new ed., Oscar Halecki, Dorset, 1982.
Books not yet seen by
me:
Davies,
Norman. God's Playground: a history of Poland. Volume I.
(NY: Columbia Univ. Press, 1982) ISBN: 0-231-053531-7.
Dlugosz, Jan.
The Annals of Jan Dlugosz, translated & abridged by
Maurice Michael. (Chichester, UK: IM Publications, 1997). ISBN:
1-901019-00-4.
Jagiello:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiello
Tannenburg:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald
Vytautas:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vytautas_the_Great
Jagiellon
dynasty:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellon
Hussite
Wars:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussite_war
Wagenburg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagenburg
Tokhtamysh:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokhtamysh
Lipka
Tatars:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipka_Tatars
Halecki's
Borderlands:
http://victorian.fortunecity.com/wooton/34/halecki/contents.htm
Jadwiga:
http://www.gallowglass.org/jadwiga/SCA/slavic/jadwiga.wawel.html
http://www.grupoese.com.ni/2000/bn/10/17/crrMM1017.htm:
Jagiello regalado era caro, pues ostentaba malos modales,
eructaba como chancho atiborrado mientras comía con las manos
sucias, ventoseaba a cada rato y bebía como si el licor iba a
acabarse. Si ella lo aceptaba por esposo, Jagiello se
convertiría al cristianismo y con él, toda su nación se
bautizaría aunque le tuvieran horror al agua. Se trataba de
comprometer a la Bella con la Bestia.
http://www.lituanus.org/1987/87_4_04.htm :
Polish historian M. Kuczynski, noted for his objectivity, stated
in his introduction to K. Szajncho's work "From recent
research, a portrait of Jogaila arises: an excellent
commander-in-chief, a famous politician, a man of fine features
and an expressive face, temperate, of noble character, and by no
means illiterate.
"As for his personal well-being, in terms of personal hygiene
and demeanor, the king stood head and shoulders above his
surroundings. First of all, he did not drink alcohol, which is
why he always had a sober mind and was able to control himself.
He ate simple foods and dressed modestly. His shirts and
handkerchiefs were of fine whitened linen, and his clothes were
of a gray woolen cloth imported from either Brussels or England.
Wherever he traveled, he always carried a razor, scissors,
brushes, and an ivory comb. He shaved his beard daily, and to
the surprise of all the Poles, he even bathed every day...."
The
Crimean Goths
Gothic Ruins, Mangup, the
Crimea
"Gothic
Architecture" is Fake
The
Last Viking
Links:
French Text of Voltaire's Karl XII biography
Todhunter translation of Voltaire's Karl XII biography
Swedish_empire
wiki /
Great_Northern_War wiki /
New_Sweden in
North America /
Map: Rise of
Prussia /
Review of Hatton Karl XII biography ($) /
Changing Swedish opinions about Karl XII ($)
Appendices:
Sweden and Armenia
When Karl returned to Sweden from Turkey he
brought several Armenians with him. Sweden continued to maintain a
mission in Istanbul after his return, and the Armenian Mouradgea
family in the Swedish service ultimately contributed greatly to
European knowledge of the Middle East and Central Asia.
Ignatius Mouradgea d'Ohsson (1740-1807)
wrote an early history of the Ottomans, and his son Abraham
Constantine Mouradgea d'Ohsson (1779-1851) wrote a history of the
Mongols which is still read today.
Armenians in Sweden
/
Ignatius's Ottoman History /
More on Ignatius /
Constantine's "Histoire des Mongols"
Sweden and the Jacobites
Karl and the Jacobite Uprising
Weinbrot, Howard D. "Johnson, Jacobitism, and
Swedish Charles: The Vanity of Human Wishes and Scholarly Method"
pp. 945-981
Korshin, Paul J. 1939- "Afterword", pp.
1091-1100
ELH - Volume 64, Number 4, Winter 1997,
http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/elh/v064/64.4weinbrot.html
-- $
Samuel Johnson's poem on Karl XII
Byron's Mazeppa
Trivia
Karl XII's casket has been opened four times,
in 1746, 1799, 1859, and 1917.
The Torgut Exodus
DeFrancis, John, In the Footsteps
of Genghis Khan, Hawaii, 1993.
Narrative of the Chinese Embassy
to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars, 1712-1715, tr. Sir George
Thomas Staunton, University Publications of America 1976 (John
Murray 1812).
Cœdès, George, Testimonia of Greek
and Latin Writers on the Lands and Peoples of the Far East, Ares
reprint, 1910/1979.
The Torgut World:
Approximate distances from
the Volga homeland to:
Dzungarian homeland
Moscow
Poltava
Lhasa
Beijing
Stockholm
Istanbul
Paris |
1700 miles
650 miles
650 miles
2500 miles
3370 miles
1500 miles
1000 miles
2200 miles |
Kalmyk / Torgut
Chronology
1618 Westward migration from
China
1689 Russian-Chinese treaty
fixes border
1698 Torgut pilgrimage
returning from Lhasa is trapped in N. China
1709 Trapped Torgut
delegation goes to Beijing
1707-9 Torguts in Russian
service fight Swedes in Ukraine
1712-1715 Chinese delegation
sent to Torguts on Volga
1729 Trapped Torgut
delegation settles in N. China
1755 Chinese annihilation of
Dzungars (western Mongols related to Torguts and Kalmycks)
1759 Subjugation of
Kalmuck/Torguts
1768-9 Torguts serve with
Russians vs. Turks
1771 Midwinter return of
Torguts to China. Only 20% reach their destination. Kalmyks remain
behind on the Volga.
1815 Kalmyks in Russian
service enter Paris.
Oirat History
/
The Kalmyk in Russia /
Kalmyk-Oirat in China /
Ethnologue on the Torgut language /
Kalmyk American Society /
Abu al Ghazi Bahadur's Genealogical History of
the Tartars translated by Swedish
officers captured in the Battle of Poltava /
Manchus, Russians and Mongols in Inner Eurasia up to 1727
/
Manchu China dominates eastern inner Eurasia by 1771
The Coming of the Age of Iron
Theodore Wertime and James Muhly,
eds.,
The Coming of the Age of Iron
(Yale, 1980.)
Robert Drews,
The End of the Bronze Age
(Princeton, 1993.)
Lenin /
"Now is steel twixt gut and bladder interposed"
/
African metallurgy brought by slaves to the New World /
Documentary on African metallurgy
Silk and Memes
History of the Caucasian Albanians
I'm
not completely sure that the Khazars and the Huns are the same
people in this work, though they certainly seem to be in what I've
read. The words "Scythian", "Turk", and "Hun" were traditionally
used almost interchangeably, and the Khazars were Turks. On the Jewish Khazars, see:
Dunlop, D. M.,
History of the Jewish Khazars, Princeton, 1964
Golden, Peter, “Khazaria and Judaism”,
Archivum Eurasiae Medii
Aevii, vol. 3, 1983, 127-156
Pritsak, Omeljan, "The Khazar King’s Conversion to Judaism",
Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 2, 1978, pp. 261—281.
People who enjoyed the stories of the
thumb-cutters and the Khazars will probably also enjoy Ibn Fadlan's
ninth-century description of human sacrifice and an orgy at a Rus'
funeral in Bulgar. The Rus' were ancestors of the Russians but were
probably mostly Scandinavian when Ibn Fadlan observed
them: Marius Canard, Miscellanea Orientalia, Variorum, 1973,
XI: "La relation de la voyage d'Ibn Fadlan chez les Bulgares de la
Volga."
Cosmas Indicopleustes,
Cosmography:
"The Deity accordingly having founded
the earth, which is oblong, upon its own stability, bound together
the extremities of the heaven with the extremities of the earth,
making the nether extremities of the heaven rest upon the four
extremities of the earth, while on high he formed it into a most
lofty vault overspanning the length of the earth. Along the breadth
again of the earth he built a wall from the nethermost extremities
of the heaven upwards to the summit, and having enclosed the place,
made a house, as one might call it, of enormous size, like an oblong
vaulted vapor-bath. For, saith the Prophet Isaiah (xlix, 22): He who
established heaven as a vault. With regard, moreover, to the gluing
together of the heaven and the earth, we find this written in Job:
He has inclined heaven to earth, and it has been poured out as the
dust of the earth. I have welded it as a square block of stone."
Contemporary Bible literalists have
enormous problems with the firmament which separates the waters
above the earth from the waters below the earth. Evolution isn't the
only thing they have to worry about. See "The Waters Above the
Firmament" in this book.
700-Year-Old Syriac Jokes
1.
The
Jacobites were among the Eastern Christians who survived in the
Persian Empire and elsewhere after they were declared heretics
by Council of Chalcedon (451 A.D.) They are considered
Monophysites, like the Copts and the old Christians of Malabar
(Kerala), Armenia, and Ethiopia. A considerable number of
Eastern Christians of Middle Eastern origin (Jacobites,
Nestorians, and Maronites) live in the U.S., especially near
Detroit. (It should be noted that at least some Ethiopians
reject the Monophysite label.)
Describing the differences between the Trinitarians, Nestorians,
Monophysites, Monothelites, and the lesser groups -- with regard
to the relationships between the persons of the Trinity, the
nature or natures of Christ, the status of Mary, and the real
presence in the sacrament -- would take literally forever, since
all these doctrines are paradoxes or miracles and thus
completely undecidable. In fact, the term “distinction without a
difference” seems as if designed to describe the terminology of
these debates, and perhaps Occam’s Razor was specifically
intended to end them. Many groups of these groups are further
fragmented because some subgroups have affiliated with the
Catholics or the Eastern Orthodox while still maintaining
aspects of their ancient beliefs and practices.
When the
Syrian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, or Ethiopian Orthodox are
spoken of, the word “Orthodox” is being misused, as though it
simply meant “Eastern”. All of these non-trinitarian, non-Chalcedonian
churches are heretical according to Catholic, Russian Orthodox,
Greek Orthodox, and Protestant doctrine. The Christology of
these churches is in some respects closest to the that of the
Unitarians.
2. The
works of Bar Hebraeus available in Western languages include The Chronography of Gregory Abu' Faraj,
The Laughable
Stories,
The Book of
the Dove,
Grammatica linguae syriacae in metro ephraemeo,
Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac,
Le Livre de l'ascension de
l'esprit sur la forme du ciel et de la terre,
Scholia in Psalmum Quintum et Decium Octavum, and Jakobitische Sakramententheologie im 13. Jahrhundert.
The Laughable
Stories
by Bar Hebraeus, translated from the Syriac by E. A. Wallis Budge,
Luzac, 1897.
The
Chronography of Gregory Abu Faraj the Son of Aaron, The Hebrew
Physician Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus,
tr. E. A. W. Budge, 2 vols. Oxford, 1932.
Bar Hebraeus’ History /
Life of Bar Hebraeus /
The Peshitta / More
on the Aramaic Peshitta /
Warning against the fundamentalist-millenniarian “Hebrew Roots
Movement”
This link argues that Bar
Hebraeus was not of Jewish origin:
http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/ Vol...HV4N1Fathi.html
More on the Syriac churches:
http://sua-online.org/?destiny=sub_re.
The Secret History of the Mongols
and
Western Literature
(Originally published in Sino-Platonic Papers
#135, May, 2004; revised)
1.
Boyle pp. 184—192.
2.
Frazer, pp. 75-79:
Stones are often supposed to
possess the property of bringing on rain, provided they be dipped
in water or sprinkled with it, or treated in some other
appropriate manner..... p. 76: There is a fountain called Barenton, of romantic fame, in those “wild woods of
Broceliande,” where, if legend be true, the wizard Merlin
still sleeps his magic slumber in the hawthorn shade. Thither the
Breton peasants used to resort when they needed rain. They caught
some of the water in a tankard and threw it on a slab near the
spring. On Snowdon there is a lonely tarn called Dulyn, or the
Black Lake, lying “in a dismal dingle surrounded by high and
dangerous rocks.” A row of stepping-stones runs out into the
lake, and if any one steps on the stones and throws water so as
to wet the farthest stone, which is called the Red Altar,
“it is but a chance that you do not get rain before night,
even when it is hot weather.” It appears
probable
that, as in Samoa, the stone is regarded as more or less divine.
This appears from the custom sometimes observed of dipping a
cross in the Fountain of Barenton to procure rain, for this is
plainly a Christian substitute for the old pagan way of throwing
water on the stone.
Molnar, Adam, Weather Magic in
Inner Asia, Uralic and Altaic Series #158, Indiana, 1994: A
very thorough study. The word yada in its various forms is
traced back to Old Turkish and then to an Iranian language,
perhaps Saka (pp 104-5, 112-113, 140-1). Since the Alans were Northern Iranians rather than
Turks, this strengthens my argument.
3. On the Alans, see
Bachrach, 1973. Littleton and Malco argue for a major Alan contribution to the Arthurian legends. This is a
very thorough study, but I find it hard to use, since solid facts
which I find very convincing are mixed in with comparisons and
conjectures of various degrees of plausibility. The book also
tries to identify Arthur with actual historical figures -- with
only mixed success in my opinion (as is usually the case with
historical identifications of legendary and mythical characters.)
4. Wolfram, p. 115.
5. Logan, p. 186, from 839
A.D.
6. Sturluson, Edda, pp. 4,
68, 35.
7. Jordanes,
VII 49
– VIII 56, X 61, XXIV 121.
8. Tetlow;
Bachrach,
"De Re Militari". There is also controversy about
the Lithuanian retreat during the 1410 battle of Tannenberg:
Urban, pp. 214-220. Kalmyks in Peter the Great's army used this tactic against
Karl XII.
9. Don Quixote, Part II, Ch.
XXI: p. 199 (Spanish ed.); p. 541 (translation).
10. Secret History
#246; the original promise is at SH #204.
11. Shapin, p. 63, citing
M. James, English Politics and the Concept of Honor,
page 11: "[T]he warrior values of ancient Germanic society
continued to flourish as a corporate way of life in a setting
whose dominant tone was Christian." (See also Shapin, pp. 68
and 106: truth-telling; truth and duelling; Russell, p.
18: the syncretic nature of chivalry; Toulmin, Ch. 11: "The
Insulted Gentleman"; and Watson, Ch. 3: "Points of
Conflict between Christianity and Pagan-Humanistic Ethics").
References:
Antonowicz-Bauer, Lucyna,
“Tartars in Poland”, in Religious and Lay Symbolism in the
Altaic World and Other Papers, Harrassowitz, 1989.
Bachrach, Bernard, A History
of the Alans in the West, Minnesota, 1973.
Bachrach, "De re Militari":
Caballus et Caballarius
in Medieval Warfare:
http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/bachrach3.htm
Beowulf (Anglo-Saxon text with Chickering translation),
Anchor, 1977.
Black-Michaud, Jacob, Cohesive
Force, Blackwell, 1975.
Bohdanowicz, L., "The Muslims in
Poland", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1942, Parts
3-4, pp. 163—180.
Boyle, John Andrew, “Turkish and
Mongol Shamanism in the Middle Ages”, Folklore, Vol. 83,
Autumn 1972, pp. 177-193; also in Boyle, 1977.
Cervantes, Miguel de, Don
Quixote, part II, Clasicos Castalia, 1978. (tr. Ormsby, ed.
Jones and Douglas, Norton, 1981).
Christian, David, A History of
Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, Vol. I, Blackwell, 1998.
Chretien (de Troyes), Arthurian Romances, tr.Owen, Everyman, 1914/1975.
Douglas, Mary, How
Institutions Think, Syracuse, 1986.
Fletcher, Richard, The
Barbarian Conversion, California, 1997.
Frazer, James G., The Golden
Bough, 1922:
www.bartleby.com/196/pages/page75.html
(to /page_79.html).
Gans, Paul J.,
"Hastings and its Implications, or, Did the Anglo-Saxons have
Cavalry?":
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/shm/hastings/hastings.html
Gogol, Nikolai, tr. Hogarth, Taras Bulba, Everyman, 1918/ 1977.
Gogol, Nikolai, tr. Pevear and
Volokhonsky, The Collected Tales, Vintage, 1998.
Gregory of Tours, (tr. Brehaut),
History of the Franks, Norton 1969.
Hexter, J. H. "The Education of
the Aristocracy in the Renaissance," in Reappraisals in History,
Harper 1961.
Jordanes, tr. Mierow, The
Origins and Deeds of the Goths:
http://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html
Kaeuper, Richard, Chivalry and
Violence in Medieval Europe, Oxford, 1999.
Lincoln, Bruce, “Banquets and
Brawls”, in Discourse and the Construction of Society,
Oxford, 1989, pp. 75—88.
Littleton, C. Scott
and Malco, Linda, From Scythia to
Camelot, Garland, 1994.
Logan, Donald F., The Vikings
in History, Routledge, 1991 (2nd Ed).
Maguire, Robert, Exploring
Gogol, Stanford, 1994.
Molnar, Adam, Weather Magic in
Inner Asia, Uralic and Altaic Series #158, Indiana, 1994
Murphy, G. Ronald, The Saxon
Savior, Oxford, 1989.
Nibelungenlied, tr. Armour,
Heritage Club, 1961.
Onon, Urgunge (tr.), The
Secret History of the Mongols, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1990.
Priscus: Priscus on Attila the
Hun, Medieval Sourcebook:
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/attila1.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/priscus1.html
Purnis, Jan, "Historical Legend
in Beowulf":
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/1001Purnis.htm
Russell, James C., The
Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity, Oxford, 1994.
SCA Bibliography on European
Cavalry:
http://trimarian-cavalry.freeservers.com/custom.html
Shapin, Steve, A Social
History of Truth, Chicago, 1994.
Sturluson, Snorri, tr. Larrington,
The Poetic Edda, Oxford, 1996.
Sturluson, Snorri, tr. Faulkes,
Edda, Everyman, 1987.
Sturluson, Snorri, King
Harald’s Saga, tr. Magnusson/ Palsson, Penguin, 1966.
Tetlow, Edwin, Hastings,
Barnes and Noble, 1992.
Toulmin, Stephen, and Jonsen,
Albert, The Abuse of Casuistry, California, 1988.
Watson, Curtis Brown, Shakespeare and the Renaissance Concept of Honor, Princeton,
1960.
Wikipedia: Trial by Combat:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_combat
Wolfram, Herwig, History of
the Goths, California, 1988.
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