1. Gyorgy Kara, “The Bush Protects the Little Bird”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientarium Hungaricae, 1991, Vol. XLVIII, #3, pp. 421-428; Igor de Rachelwitz, tr., Secret History of the Mongols, Brill, 2004, #85; J. A. Boyle, tr., History of the World-Conqueror (Juvaini), Washington, 1997, p. 242. The Ottoman speech was reported in Latin: non esse arbustulum, quod aviculam refugientum ad se non defendat pro posse suo.

2. My translation from the text in Zhao Futan, Cao Wei Fu Zi Shi Xuan, 1988, p. 166; see also George Kent, tr., Worlds of Dust and Jade, Philosophical Library, 1969, p. 71.

I had originally intended to write about the influence of Drakon's and Solon's laws on Greek tragedy, but will have to postpone that for later. Many and perhaps most of the tragedies hinge on a conflict between personal or familial desires for revenge, and public law. The Oresteia, in particular, seems to have been a dramatized version of the transition from the rule of revenge and feud, and the rule of law.

I have especially relied on Glotz, Fried, Sagan, and Black-Michaud. The kind of clan law which ruled Athens before Drakon was probably very roughly similiar to that of medieval Iceland, which consisted of a large number of conventions regulating feuds, but which left enforcement up to the aggrieved parties.

This article describes a similar system in contemporary Albania: Anderson, Scott, "The Curse of Blood and Vengeance", New York Times Magazine, December 26, 1999.
 

Bibliography

Anhalt, Emily Katz, Solon the Singer, Rowman and Littlefield, 1993.

Aristotle, The Athenian Constitution, Penguin, 1984.

Black-Michaud, Jacob, Cohesive Force, Blackwell, 1975.

Ehrenberg, Victor, From Solon to Socrates, Methuen, 1973.Emerson, John, “Yang Chu’s Discovery of the Body”, Philosophy East and West, Volume 46-4, October 1996, pp. 533-566.

Fried, Morton, The Evolution of Political Society, Random House, 1967.

Gagarin, Michael, Early Greek Law, California, 1989.

Gagarin, Michael, Drakon and Early Athenian Homicide Law, California, 1981.

Glotz, Gustave, La Solidarite de la famille dans le droit criminel en Grece, Paris, 1904.

Goody, Jack, The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society, Cambridge, 1986.

Linforth, Ivan M., Solon the Athenian, Berkeley, 1919.

Maine, Henry S., Ancient Law, Arizona, 1986.

Plutarch, The Rise and Fall of Athens, Penguin, 1960.

Sagan, Eli, At the Dawn of Tyranny, Fishdrum Press, 1993.

Will, Frederic, “Solon’s Consciousness of Himself”, in Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Society, vol. LXXXIX, 1958, pp. 301-311.

Woodhouse, W.J., Solon the Liberator, Octagon, 1965 (Oxford,1938).

Michael Kelly, "Pacifists are not serious people," Washington Post, September 26, 2001;
Michael Kelly, "Pacifists: part II," Washington Post, October 3, 2001.
http://www.spinsanity.org/post.html?2001_09_23_archive.html

 
Michael Sullivan: http://time-blog.com/daily_dish/print.php?artnum=dish&dish_inc=archives/2001_09_01_dish_archive.html
&PHPSESSID=971a85b8d2ba35fddae8f06c04a89be0

Ron Rosenbaum
New York Observer of January 14 2002; "The Men Who Would Be Orwell"; Ron Rosenbaum, New York Observer, March 23, 2002; http://www.ijamming.net/Home/June29-July5.html .

George Orwell:

Review of Alex Comfort's book No Such Liberty: "No, Not One," Adelphi, Oct. 1941 (cited by Andrew Sullivan, Wednesday, September 19, 2001.)

"As I Please", Tribune, Dec. 8, 1944(in Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, ed. Orwell and Angus, Vol. III, p. 292.)
http://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/O/OrwellGeorge/essay/tribune/AsIPlease19441208.html 
 

London Letter, Partisan Review, December, 1944 (in Orwell and Angus, Volume III, p. 335).  

May 1945, Notes on Nationalism (reprinted in England Your England and Other Essays, 1953.)

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/orwelnat.htm

Oliver Kamm (no longer on internet):

This bears careful reading. It does not say what critics of Kelly claim, for Orwell at no point resiles from his belief that pacifism is helpful to fascism, still less recants his 1942 article. Rather, he introduces a qualification to his position, by allowing that the distinction between motive and outcome does matter, and that overlooking that distinction has the undesirable consequence of making it more difficult to predict how pacifists will in fact behave.

Marc Schulman: http://americanfuture.net/?p=2662

Excerpts from Orwell: http://americanfuture.net/?page_id=2660

Janus Vitalis Panormitanus
(Giani or Giovanni Vitali of Palermo)

De Roma

Qui Romam in media quaeris novus advena Roma,
Et Romae in Roma nil reperis media,
Aspice murorum moles, praeruptaque saxa,
Obrutaque horrenti vasta theatra situ:
Haec sunt Roma. Viden velut ipsa cadavera, tantae
Urbis adhuc spirent imperiosa minas.
Vicit ut haec mundum, nixa est se vincere; vicit,
A se non victum ne quid in orbe foret.
Nunc victa in Roma Roma illa invicta sepulta est,
Atque eadem victrix victaque Roma fuit.
Albula Romani restat nunc nominis index,
Quinetiam rapidis fertur in aequor aquis.
Disce hinc, quid possit fortuna; immota labascunt,
Et quae perpetuo sunt agitata manent.

(Text from Renaissance Latin Poetry, compiled and edited by I. D. McFarlane. Manchester University Press/Barnes and Noble: New York, 1980; originally found in Theodori Bezae Vezelii poematum editio secunda [Geneva] 1569, 2nd part, p. 191-2. Thanks to Otto Steinmayer of Sarawak, who found the text.)

Sources on Vitalis: http://www.idiocentrism.com/vitalis2.htm

More on Vitalis: http://www.college-de-france.fr/media/lit_mod/UPL65460_ossola.pdf

Three pages on Janus Vitalis for only $26.90

If you're interested in neo-Latin poetry, apparently "Janus Secundus is een van de grootste dichters ter wereld". (This is a completely different Janus): http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/Dutch/Latijn/GMS1.html .

Mikołaj Sęp-Szarzyński
 
Ty, co Rzym wpośród Rzyma chcąc baczyć, pielgrzymie,
A wżdy baczyć nie możesz w samym Rzyma Rzymie,
Patrzaj na okrąg murów i w rum obrócone
Teatra i kościoły, i słupy stłuczone:
To są Rzym. Widzisz, jako miasta tak możnego
I trup szczęścia poważność wypuszcza pierwszego.
To miasto, świat zwalczywszy, i siebie zwalczyło,
By nic niezwalczonego od niego nie było.
Dziś w Rzymie zwyciężonym Rzym niezwyciężony
(To jest ciało w swym cieniu) leży pogrzebiony.
Wszytko się w nim zmieniło, sam trwa prócz odmiany
Tyber, z piaskiem do morza co bieży zmieszany.
Patrz, co Fortuna broi: to się popsowało,
Co było nieruchome; trwa, co się ruchało.
 
http://www.staropolska.gimnazjum.com.pl/barok/Sep_Szarzynski/drobiazgi_06.html 



Unknown translator
(from Sęp-Szarzyński)
 
If midst Rome you wish to see Rome, pilgrim,
Tho in Rome naught of Rome might you see,
Behold the walls' ring, the theatres, temples
And ruptured pillars, to rubble all turned,
Rome be these! Mark how the corpse of a city
So strong still past fortune's pomp exudes;
Subduing a world, herself the city subdued
Lest yet more to subdue might there be.
Today in broken Rome, Rome unbroken
(A substance in its shadow) lies entombed.
Within all's changed; alone past change
Tiber remains, that to sea runs mixed with sand.
See what Fortune plays: 'tis wasted away,
What was unmoving; what moved, yet remains.

http://oldpoetry.com/opoem/26252-Mikolaj-Sep-Szarzynski-Epitaph-To-Rome

 

Leonid Tsyv'yan (Цывьян)

(from Sęp-Szarzyński)
МИКОЛАЙ СЭМП ШАЖИНСКИЙ
(ок.1550-1581)
ЭПИТАФИЯ РИМУ
Ты в Риме хочешь Рим увидеть, пилигрим,
Но тщетно смотришь ты: средь Рима Рим незрим.
Обломки статуй и остатки стен старинных,
Театры, портики, лежащие в руинах, –
Се вечный град. Взгляни: погиб державный Рим,
Но полон труп его величием былым.
Рим, покоривший свет, себя поверг и свету
Тем показал: пред ним неодолимых нету,
И, побежден собой – непобедимый – он
Своей гробницей стал: Рим в Риме погребен.
Переменилось всё, и лишь без измененья,
С песком мешаясь, Тибр стремит свое теченье.
Вот каверза Судьбы: лежит во прахе тот,
Кто слыл незыблемым, а зыбкое живет.
Here is something with reference to Brodsky and this poem:
"Открытка из города К.", по Венцлове, - сонет, в котором Кенигсберг "играет роль Рима", а автор следует традиции "эпитафий Риму" (Ианус Виталис, Дю Белле, Спенсер, Кеведо, Семп-Шажиньский), где "разрушенные строения "вечного города" противопоставлены водам Тибра: парадокс, имеющий и теологическое измерение" ("сохраняется текучеее и ненадежное, а бренным оказывается мощное, сверхматериальное"). Таким образом, кенигсбергские стихи - подходы к римской теме у Бродского...
http://www.ruthenia.ru/hyperboreos/news/20001028.htm

"Postcard from the City of K." -- according to [Thomas] Venclova, a sonnet in which Konigsberg "plays the role of Rome" and the author follows the tradition of the "epitaph for Rome" (Janus Vitalis, Du Bellay, Spenser, Quevedo, Sęp-Szarzyński), where "the ruined buildings of the 'eternal city' are contrasted with the waters of the Tiber: a paradox having theological dimensions as well" ("the flowing and unreliable is preserved, the mighty and supersubstantial is transitory"). Thus the Konigsberg verses are an approach to the Roman theme in Brodsky..."
From a speech at the Brodsky readings, which Sluzhevskay reports as Oct 28, 2000.

Here's the Brodsky poem:
Иосиф Бродский
ОТКРЫТКА ИЗ ГОРОДА К.
Томасу Венцлова

Развалины есть праздник кислорода
и времени. Новейший Архимед
прибавить мог бы к старому закону,
что тело, помещенное в пространство,
пространством вытесняется.
Вода
дробит в зерцале пасмурном руины
Дворца Курфюрста; и, небось, теперь
пророчествам реки он больше внемлет,
чем в те самоуверенные дни,
когда курфюрст его отгрохал.
 Кто-то
среди развалин бродит, вороша
листву запрошлогоднюю. То - ветер,
как блудный сын, вернулся в отчий дом
и сразу получил все письма
1967
Сочинения Иосифа Бродского.
Пушкинский фонд.
Санкт-Петербург, 1992.
http://www.litera.ru:8080/stixiya/authors/brodskij/razvaliny-est-prazdnik.html
 

Thomas Heywood

New Stranger to the City come,
Who midst of Rome enquir'st for Rome,
And midst of Rome canst nothing spye
That looks like Rome, cast backe thine eye;
Behold of walls the ruin'd mole,
The broken stones not one left whole;
Vast Theatres and Structures high,
That levell with the ground now lye,
These now are Rome, and of that Towne
Th'Imperious Reliques still do frowne,
And ev'n in their demolisht seat
The Heav'ns above them seem to threat,
As she the World did once subdue,
Ev'n to her selfe she overthrew;
Her hand in her owne bloud she embru'd,
Lest she should leave ought unsubdu'd:
Vanquisht in Rome, Invict Rome now
Intombed lies, as forc'd to bow.
The same Rome (of the World the head)
In Vanquisher and Vanquished.    
The river Albula's the same,
And still preserves the Roman name;
Which with a swift and speedy motion
Is hourely hurry'd to the Ocean.
Learne hence what Fortune can; what's strong
And seemeth fixt, endures not long:
But more assurance may be layd
On what is moving and unstayed.


(From Renaissance Latin Poetry, compiled and edited by I. D. McFarlane. Manchester University Press/Barnes and Noble: New York, 1980; English translation originally from Thomas Heywood, The Hierarchie of the Blessed Angells, London, 1637, p. 459.)


J. V. Cunningham

(probably from the Latin)

You that a stranger in mid-Rome seek Rome
and can find nothing in mid-Rome of Rome,
Behold this mass of walls, these abrupt rocks,
Where the vast theatre lies overwhelmed.
Here, here is Rome! Look how the very corpse
Of greatness still imperiously breathes threats!
The world she conquered, strove herself to conquer,
conquered that nothing be unconquered by her.
Now conqueror Rome's interred in conquered Rome,
and the same Rome conquered and conqueror.
Still Tiber stays, witness of Roman fame,
Still Tiber flows on swift waves to the sea.
Learn whence what Fortune can: the unmoved falls,
And the ever-moving will remain forever.

(J. V. Cunningham, The Poems of J. V. Cunningham,
Ohio U. Press, 1997, pp. 118-9, 194-5.)

Joachim du Bellay
Les Antiquités de Rome, #3
 
Nouveau venu, qui cherches Rome en Rome
Et rien de Rome en Rome n'aperçois,
Ces vieux palais, ces vieux arcs que tu vois,
Et ces vieux murs, c'est ce que Rome on nomme.

Vois quel orgueil, quelle ruine : et comme
Celle qui mit le monde sous ses lois,
Pour dompter tout, se dompta quelquefois,
Et devint proie au temps, qui tout consomme.

Rome de Rome est le seul monument,
Et Rome Rome a vaincu seulement.
Le Tibre seul, qui vers la mer s'enfuit,

Reste de Rome. ô mondaine inconstance !
Ce qui est ferme, est par le temps détruit,
Et ce qui fuit, au temps fait résistance.

Three more French versionsmentioned: Jean Doublet, Lazare de Baif, Guillaume Colletet. I can't find them on the internet, however.


Edmund Spenser
Ruins of Rome : By Bellay

Thou stranger, which for Rome in Rome here seekest,
And nought of Rome in Rome perceiv'st at all,
These same old walls, old arches, which thou seest,
Old Palaces, is that which Rome men call.
Behold what wreak, what ruin, and what waste,
And how that she, which with her mighty power
Tam'd all the world, hath tam'd herself at last,
The prey of time, which all things doth devour.
Rome now of Rome is th' only funeral,
And only Rome of Rome hath victory;
Ne ought save Tyber hastening to his fall
Remains of all: O world's inconstancy.
That which is firm doth flit and fall away,
And that is flitting, doth abide and stay.

 
This is only Part 3 of a longer poem consisting of 32 sonnets plus an envoi. Thanks to aldiboronti via Language Hat.

Complete Spenser poem

Ezra Pound
Rome, from Personae (probably from Bellay)
 
O thou new comer who seek'st Rome in Rome
And find'st in Rome no thing thou canst call Roman
Arches worn old and palaces made common,
Rome's name alone within these walls keeps home. 

Behold how pride and ruin can befall
One who hath set the whole world 'neath her laws,
All-conquering, now conquered, because
She is Time's prey and Time consumeth all. 

Rome that art Rome's one sole last monument,
Rome that alone hast conquered Rome the town,
Tiber alone, transient and seaward bent,
 
Remains of Rome. O world, thou unconstant mime!
That which stands firm in thee Time batters down,
And that which fleeteth doth outrun swift time. 
 
 
Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas
 
Buscas en Roma a Roma ¡oh peregrino!
Y en Roma misma a Roma no la hallas:
Cadáver con las que ostentó murallas,
Y, tumba de sí proprio, el Aventino.
 
Yace, donde reinaba, el Palatino;
Y limadas del tiempo las medallas,
Más se muestran destrozo a las batallas
De las edades, que blasón latino.
 
Soló el Tíber quedó cuya corriente
Si ciudad la regó, ya sepoltura
La llora con funeste son doliente.
 
¡Oh Roma!, en tu grandeza, en tu hermosura
huyó lo que era firme, y solamente
lo fugitivo permanece y dura.

Eduardo Allende on Quevedo's version

Jordi Pardo Pastor on Quevedo
http://www.hispanista.com.br/revista/artigo79esp.htm
 

Robert Lowell
The Ruins of Time II (after Quevedo;
in Near the Ocean)

You search in Rome for Rome? O Traveller!
in Rome itself, there is no room for Rome,
the Aventine is its own mound and tomb,
only a corpse receives the worshipper.
And where the Capitol once crowned the forum,
are medals ruined by the hands of time;
they show how more was lost to chance and time
than Hannibal or Caesar could consume.
The Tiber flows still, but its waste laments
a city that has fallen in its grave -
each wave's a woman beating at her breast.
O Rome! From all your palms, dominion, bronze
and beauty, what was firm has fled. What once
was fugitive maintains its permanence.

J. M. Cohen
The Penguin Book of Spanish Verse (from Quevedo)
 
You look for Rome in Rome, oh traveler, and in Rome herself you do not find Rome’ the walls that she boasted of are a corpse, and the Aventine is its own tomb.
 
The Palatine lies where it used to reign, and medals filed down by time seem more like the relics of ancient battles than the insignia of Rome.
 
Only the Tiber has remained; and its current, which washed her as a city, now bewails her as a tomb with mournful sounds of woe.
 
Oh Rome, in your greatness and your beauty, what was firm has fled, and only the transitory remains and lasts.
 
 
Alix Ingber
To Rome buried in its ruins (from Quevedo)


You search in Rome for Rome, oh wanderer!,
and yet in Rome itself you don't find Rome:
the walls boasting its fame are now a corpse,
the Aventine now serves as its own tomb.
It lies now where the Palatine once reigned;
and its medallions, worn away by time,
show more the devastation of the battles
of the ages than great Latium's pride.
Only the Tiber has remained, whose flow,
if once a city watered, now, a grave,
it mourns for her with brokenhearted tones.
Oh Rome!, of all your greatness, your allure,
that which was firm has fled, and nothing but
what is elusive stays and will endure.
(©Alix Ingber, 1995 – from Quevedo)

http://sonnets.spanish.sbc.edu/Quevedo_Roma.html 



Baldassarre Castiglione
 on the Ruins of Rome

Here's another influential poem on the ruins of Rome, by Baldassarre Castiglione, author of the Book of the Courtier. For reasons unknown to me, a Wikipedia excerpt from this poem has been spammed all over the internet:

Superbi colli, e voi sacre ruine,
Che ’l nome sol di Roma ancor tenete,
Ahi che reliquie miserande avete
Di tant’anime eccelse e pellegrine!
Colossi, archi, teatri, opre divine,
Trïonfal pompe glorïose e liete,
In poco cener pur converse siete,
E fatte al vulgo vil favola alfine.
Così, se ben un tempo al tempo guerra
Fanno l’opre famose, a passo lento
e l’opre e i nomi il tempo invido atterra.
Vivrò dunque fra’ miei martir contento;
Che se ’l tempo dà fine a ciò ch’è in terra,
Darà forse ancor fine al mio tormento.

This link also lists the following translators of Castiglione's poem: Joachim du Bellay (Antiquitez de Rome, n. VII), Lope de Vega, Paul Scarron, Gutierre de Cetira, Andrés Rey de Artieda, Nicolò d’Arco, Lazzaro Buonamico and Jean Flemingue:
http://www.repubblicaletteraria.it/BaldassarreCastiglione.html

Translations by Bellay, Scarron, Lope De Vega; includes Dutch translations too. I cannot read the Dutch text and am not sure which Dutch translations are by the author of the study, and which are Dutch literary translations:
http://www.focquenbroch.nl/bibliotheek/seclit/DeLigt(75).pdf 
http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/ligt004uitd01/ligt004uitd01_0001.htm 
 
Las versiones del soneto de Castiglione sin el trueque de Roma por Cartago no aparecen sino más tarde, en la "Traducción de Artemídoro": "Sacros collados, sombras y ruynas, / que mostráys lo que Roma un tiempo ha sido," (Discursos, epístolas y epigramas de Artemidor, sacados a luz por Micer Andrés Rey de Artieda (Zaragoza, 160:?), p. 102; apud Joseph Imilla, "Notes sur le sonnet Supcrbi Colli. (Rectificaciones y Suplemento)," Boletín de la Biblioteca Menéndez Pelayo, 31 (1955).
http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/aih/pdf/06/aih_06_1_191.pdf